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- PLANET OF THE YEAR, Page 35The Good News: Costa Rica Guards Its Forests
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- When a fungal disease began ravaging Levy Bryant's
- four-hectare cacao farm a decade ago, the landowner could have
- done what other besieged farmers have done. He might easily
- have picked up an ax and begun cutting down more tropical rain
- forest around his land on Costa Rica's Caribbean coast. He could
- have sold the timber from the tall laurel trees that shade the
- cacao bushes, then burned the dense virgin forest on the hill
- behind his farm. Then Bryant, like so many financially strapped
- small farmers in Latin America, could have sown pasture and sold
- the land to a cattle rancher. Within three or four years, one
- more small piece of the tropics would have vanished.
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- That Bryant did not rush headlong down this slippery
- ecological slope is in part testimony to Costa Rica's
- commitment to its dwindling natural resources. The country has
- more than 20 national parks, wildlife preserves and other
- protected areas covering 2,577 sq. mi., or 13% of the land.
- Moreover, the nation's stable democracy has attracted hundreds
- of scientists and ecologists, making Costa Rica a laboratory for
- finding out what is possible in terms of sustainable development
- in the tropics.
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- One of the major reasons Bryant's plantation is not a
- fast-eroding cow pasture is that he got help from an
- environmental group called Anai (which means "friend" in the
- language of the local Bribri Indians). "We probably wouldn't
- still be farming if it wasn't for these guys," admits Bryant.
- Anai provided him with new kinds of crops, including vanilla
- plants and a different variety of cacao tree, which is less
- likely to die from fungus. Over the past five years, Anai has
- brought dozens of new varieties of cash crops to more than 20
- communities in the Talamanca region, set up plant nurseries
- serving 1,500 people, and helped establish a 10,000-hectare
- wildlife refuge.
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- The encroachment of cow pastures on the cloud forest at
- Monteverde spurred another of Costa Rica's efforts to save its
- natural heritage. In 1972, 350 hectares of land owned by
- American Quakers who had settled the region in the 1950s were
- set aside as a private reserve. Over the years that has grown to
- 10,500 hectares. One key to preserving this huge area was to
- allow local people to develop a tourist business. In five years
- the annual number of visitors has gone from 6,000 to 15,000,
- and could climb to more than 30,000 when a new road up from the
- plain is built. That success shows that forests can produce
- income without being destroyed.
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